Alzheimer's Disease in Individuals with Down Syndrome

• Alzheimer's Disease and Down Syndrome Overview
• The Link Between Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease
• Alzheimer's Disease in People with Down Syndrome - Symptoms
• Alzheimer's Disease in People with Down Syndrome- Diagnosis
• Alzheimer's Disease in People with Down Syndrome - Treatment
• Alzheimer's Functional Assessment Tool
• For More Information
• Multimedia
• Synonyms and Keywords
• Authors and Editors

Alzheimer's Disease and Down Syndrome Overview

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia (see Dementia Overview for more information). The disease is progressive, and the brain degenerates. Alzheimer's disease is strongly associated with old age. However, it should not be considered a normal part of aging.

Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder (the chromosome abnormality is acquired at the time of conception) in which a person has extra genes because of extra chromosome 21 material. The syndrome causes delays and limitations in physical and intellectual development. The extra chromosome material can be inherited from either parent. Common characteristics of the syndrome include:

• Low muscle tone



• Flat face (low nasal bridge and small nose)



• Eye openings that slant downwards and inwards



• Single crease across the centre of the palm



• Smaller than normal size



• Delay of both physical and intellectual development

People with Down syndrome, also called trisomy 21, develop a syndrome of dementia that has the same characteristics of Alzheimer's disease that occurs in individuals without Down syndrome. The only difference is that Alzheimer's disease occurs much earlier in people with Down syndrome; patients with Down syndrome begin to have symptoms in their late 40s or early 50s.

Most (and maybe all) people with Down syndrome develop the brain changes associated with Alzheimer's disease. However, Alzheimer's disease is not more common in individuals with intellectual disabilities from causes other than Down syndrome. An estimated 10%-25% of patients with Down syndrome have Alzheimer's disease at age 40-49 years, 20%-50% have Alzheimer's disease at age 50-59 years, and 60%-75% have Alzheimer's disease when older than 60 years of age. Alzheimer's disease decreases survival in people with Down syndrome who are older than 45 years of age.