Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents are predominantly external and easy to observe, such as physical hyperactivity. An exception is predominantly inattentive ADHD, more common in girls. With age, a decrease in observable symptoms of ADHD seems to occur. Adults with ADHD have a longer delay before refocusing when their attention is misdirected, and they have difficulty switching tasks. On neuropsychological tests, these individuals often have trouble with sustained effort, planning, organization, visual tracking, and listening attentively.
ADHD is characterized by a long-term history of inattention, impulsiveness, and variable amounts of hyperactivity. Remember that all of these symptoms are normal human characteristics, so ADHD is not diagnosed solely based on the presence of these normal human behaviors. ADHD is determined by the degree of these behaviors. People with ADHD have these normal human characteristics to an extreme degree, with a poor ability to easily control them.
The Evolution of ADHD Characteristics from Childhood to Adulthood
| Characteristic | Childhood Manifestation | Adult Manifestation |
| Hyperactivity | Cannot sit still Fidgety, restless Always on the go |
Inner restlessness Inability to relax Unhappy/discontent when inactive |
| Impulsivity | Blurting out Touching, exploring Can't stay in line Temper tantrums or outbursts |
Interrupting, impatient Snap decisions, recklessness Switching tasks rapidly Felling "down" when bored or "up" when excited/stimulated |
| Inattention | Distractible Cannot finish work Does not appear to hear |
Disorganization, forgetfulness Poor time management Misses part of conversation Although some adults with ADHD may not meet the full criteria used to diagnose ADHD in children, they may still experience significant impairment in certain aspects of life. Depending on their professional or domestic situation, these adults may need to deal with more complex abstract issues that can be difficult depending on their degree of ADHD severity. Consequently, a given individual's perception of his or her own degree of impairment my vary. Some characteristics of adult ADHD include the following (remember these are normal human behaviors; ADHD is diagnosed based on the presence and severity of more than one of these characteristics):
Other conditions, such as major affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and schizophrenia must be ruled out. |
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