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Medical Author:

John P. Cunha, DO, FACOEP

John P. Cunha, DO, FACOEP

John P. Cunha, DO, is a U.S. board-certified Emergency Medicine Physician. Dr. Cunha's educational background includes a BS in Biology from Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, and a DO from the Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences in Kansas City, MO. He completed residency training in Emergency Medicine at Newark Beth Israel Medical Center in Newark, New Jersey.

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Medical Editor:

Daniel Lee Kulick, MD, FACC, FSCAI

Daniel Lee Kulick, MD, FACC, FSCAI

Dr. Kulick received his undergraduate and medical degrees from the University of Southern California, School of Medicine. He performed his residency in internal medicine at the Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center and a fellowship in the section of cardiology at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center. He is board certified in Internal Medicine and Cardiology.

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Medical Editor:

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.

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If the patient has come to the hospital emergency department, they may be sent to another care area for further testing, treatment, or observation. On the basis of the provider's preliminary diagnosis, the patient may be sent to the following units:

• An observation unit pending test results or further testing
• A cardiac care unit
• A cardiac catheterization unit

Regardless of where the patient is sent, several basic treatments may be started. Which ones are given depends on the severity of the symptoms and the underlying disease.

• At least one IV line will be started. This line is used to give medication or fluids.
• Aspirin will probably be administered (unless the patient has already taken one)
• Oxygen will be administered through a face mask or a tube in the nose. This will help if the patient is having trouble breathing or feeling uncomfortably short of breath. The direct administration of oxygen raises the oxygen content of the blood.

Treatment will depend on the severity of the symptoms, severity of the underlying disease, and extent of damage to the heart muscle, if any.

• Simple rest and observation, an aspirin, breathing oxygen, and sublingual nitroglycerin may be all that the patient needs, if it is only angina.
• Medication may be administered to reduce anxiety.
• Medication may be administered to lower blood pressure or heart rate.
• Medication may be administered to reduce the risk of having a blood clot or to prevent further clotting.
• If the healthcare provider believes the chest pain actually represents a heart attack, the patient may be given a fibrinolytic (apowerful clot-buster medication).

After reviewing the patient's immediate test results, the hospital healthcare provider will make a decision about where the patient should be for the next hours and days.

• If the diagnosis of angina is made, and the patient is feeling better and their condition is stable they may be allowed to go home. The patient may be given medications to take. Follow-up with a primary healthcare provider within the next day or two will be recommended.
• The patient will be admitted o the hospital if the they are unstable with continuing symptoms. Further testing will be ordered, and if the arteries are critically blocked, the patient may undergo coronary angiography, coronary artery angioplasty, or even coronary artery bypass surgery.

Angioplasty is a treatment used for people whose angina does not get better with medication and/or who are at high risk of having a heart attack.

• Before angioplasty can be done, the area(s) of coronary artery narrowing is located with coronary arteriography.
• A thin plastic tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery in the arm or groin with local sedation. The catheter has a tiny balloon attached to the end.
• The catheter is threaded through the arteries and into the artery where the narrowing is.
• The balloon on the catheter is inflated, opening up the narrowing.
• Following ballon treatment, many patients require placement of a "stent," a small metal sleeve that is placed in the narrowed artery. The stent holds the artery open.

If the patient has had angina symptoms and is visiting their primary healthcare provider for evaluation, he or she will make a decision about how to proceed with the evaluation. The choices include going ahead with the evaluation on an outpatient basis, referring the patient to a specialist in heart disorders (cardiologist), or admitting the patient to the hospital for further workup.

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