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Medical Author:

Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD

Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD

Dr. Charles "Pat" Davis, MD, PhD, is a board certified Emergency Medicine doctor who currently practices as a consultant and staff member for hospitals. He has a PhD in Microbiology (UT at Austin), and the MD (Univ. Texas Medical Branch, Galveston). He is a Clinical Professor (retired) in the Division of Emergency Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, and has been the Chief of Emergency Medicine at UT Medical Branch and at UTHSCSA with over 250 publications.

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Medical Editor:

Steven Doerr, MD

Steven Doerr, MD

Steven Doerr, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Emergency Medicine Physician. Dr. Doerr received his undergraduate degree in Spanish from the University of Colorado at Boulder. He graduated with his Medical Degree from the University Of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver, Colorado in 1998 and completed his residency training in Emergency Medicine from Denver Health Medical Center in Denver, Colorado in 2002, where he also served as Chief Resident.

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The third set of signs and symptoms are those that are relatively unique to infants and children, however they are not necessarily specific for a particular type of brain lesion. Nonetheless, they are signs and symptoms that indicate that a problem with the brain is likely and that the child needs immediate medical evaluation:

• Bulging fontanelle (where the skull has not yet closed - a soft, small area of thin membrane and skin covering the brain that can expand or bulge outward when the brain experiences abnormal pressure from any source)
  
  
• Abnormal red reflex in the eye (may be due to cataracts or retinoblastoma)
  
  
• Skull sutures not closing normally (due to brain tissue expansion or pressure)
  
  
• Babinski reflex (up-going big toe and other toes fan out when the sole of the foot is firmly stroked) if present in children over 2 yrs old, is an indicator of a problem in the central nervous system (CNS)

Occasionally, brain injured adults will also develop a Babinski reflex indicating nerve pathway damage between the spinal cord and the brain.

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