Club Drugs (cont.)
Medical Author:
Douglas C Finefrock, DO
Coauthor:
Mai Kim Lai, MD
Coauthor:
Karen Tonya Mason, MD
Medical Editor:
James E Keany, MD, FACEP
Medical Editor:
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD
Medical Editor:
Anthony Anker, MD, FAAEM
IN THIS ARTICLEReferences1. Anglin D, Spears KL, Hutson HR. Flunitrazepam and its involvement in date or acquaintance rape. Acad Emerg Med. Apr 1997;4(4):323-6. [Medline]. 2. Arria AM, Yacoubian GS, Fost E, Wish ED. The pediatric forum: ecstasy use among club rave attendees. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Mar 2002;156(3):295-6. [Medline]. 3. Bialer PA. Designer drugs in the general hospital. Psychiatr Clin North Am. Mar 2002;25(1):231-43. [Medline]. 4. Craig K, Gomez HF, McManus JL, Bania TC. Severe gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal: a case report and literature review. J Emerg Med. Jan 2000;18(1):65-70. [Medline]. 5. Ellenhorn MJ, Barceloux DG, eds. Amphetamines and designer drugs. In: Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1997:340-48. 6. Goldman LS, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PJ. Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. JAMA. Apr 8 1998;279(14):1100-7. [Medline]. 7. Hearing Before the Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control. Looking the Other Way: Rave Promoters and Club Drugs. 107th Cong (Dec 2001) (testimony of G.R. Hanson, National Institute on Drug Abuse). 8. Iwata K, O'Keefe GB, Karanas A. Neurologic problems associated with chronic nitrous oxide abuse in a non-healthcare worker. Am J Med Sci. Sep 2001;322(3):173-4. [Medline]. 9. Klein-Schwartz W. Abuse and toxicity of methylphenidate. Curr Opin Pediatr. Apr 2002;14(2):219-23. [Medline]. 10. Koesters SC, Rogers PD, Rajasingham CR. MDMA ('ecstasy') and other 'club drugs'. The new epidemic. Pediatr Clin North Am. Apr 2002;49(2):415-33. [Medline]. 11. Llana ME, Crismon ML. Methylphenidate: increased abuse or appropriate use?. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). Jul-Aug 1999;39(4):526-30. [Medline]. 12. Marx JA, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2002:2119-2215. 13. McCann UD, Eligulashvili V, Ricaurte GA. (+/-)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ('Ecstasy')-induced serotonin neurotoxicity: clinical studies. Neuropsychobiology. 2000;42(1):11-6. [Medline]. 14. McCann UD, Szabo Z, Scheffel U, et al. Positron emission tomographic evidence of toxic effect of MDMA ("Ecstasy") on brain serotonin neurons in human beings. Lancet. Oct 31 1998;352(9138):1433-7. [Medline]. 15. Smith KM, Larive LL, Romanelli F. Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Jun 1 2002;59(11):1067-76. [Medline]. 16. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, et al. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse. Jun 1993;14(2):169-77. [Medline]. 17. Volkow ND, Hitzemann R, Wang GJ, et al. Long-term frontal brain metabolic changes in cocaine abusers. Synapse. Jul 1992;11(3):184-90. [Medline]. 18. Weiner AL. Emerging drugs of abuse in Connecticut. Conn Med. Jan 2000;64(1):19-23. [Medline]. 19. Winek CL, Wahba WW, Rozin L. Accidental death by nitrous oxide inhalation. Forensic Sci Int. May 22 1995;73(2):139-41. [Medline]. |
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Toxicity, MDMA »
The substance 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA [ie, ecstasy, XTC, Adam, E, X, clarity, Stacy]) is an amphetamine derivative that has gained significant popularity in recent years and has become the recreational drug of choice for many adolescents and young adults.
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