What Increases Your Risk

In most cases, the cause of a congenital heart defect isn't known. But certain things increase your baby's chances of having a heart defect. These include:

• Family history. A child's risk for having a congenital heart defect increases if a brother, sister, or parent has one.
• Other genetic conditions. For example, Down syndrome has been linked to these defects.
• Premature birth. Babies born too early have a higher chance of having a heart defect.
• Chronic conditions. Babies born to women with diabetes or phenylketonuria have a higher chance of having a heart defect.
• Use of alcohol or drugs. Women who drink alcohol, take certain prescription or over-the-counter medicines, or use illegal street drugs during pregnancy may cause the baby to have a heart defect.

If you're concerned about having a baby with a congenital heart defect, you can take steps to lower your risk. For healthy pregnancy choices, see the topic Pregnancy.

When To Call a Doctor

Call or other emergency services immediately if your child has severe difficulty breathing, faints, or has seizures.

Call your doctor immediately if your child with a congenital heart defect has:

• Symptoms of heart failure or cyanosis—the bluish tint that affects skin, lips, and nails because of lack of oxygen—that become significantly worse within a short time period.
• Symptoms of endocarditis, such as a fever that won't go away.

Talk to your doctor if your child with a congenital heart defect has:

• Moderate difficulty breathing.
• Fewer wet diapers and has swelling (puffy eyes, hands, and feet).
• A poor appetite and isn't eating well, or sweats while eating, or has a rapid heartbeat or rapid breathing while eating.
• Less energy or seems to be sleeping more than usual.
• Sudden weight gain or isn't gaining weight.

Who to See

The following health professionals can evaluate symptoms of a congenital heart defect:

• Pediatrician
• Pediatric cardiologist
• Family medicine physician
• Internist (for adults with possible congenital heart disease)
• Physician assistant
• Nurse practitioner

To prepare for your appointment, see the topic Making the Most of Your Appointment.