• Topic Overview
• Health Tools
• Cause
• Symptoms
• What Happens
• What Increases Your Risk?
• When to Call a Doctor
• Exams and Tests
• Treatment Overview
• Prevention
• Therapy
• Medicines
• Living With Depression
• Other Treatment
• For Family and Friends
• Other Places To Get Help
• Related Information
• References
• Credits

Topic Overview

Is this topic for you?

This topic covers depression in adults. For information on:

• Depression in young people, see the topic Depression in Children and Teens.
• Depression after childbirth, see the topic Postpartum Depression.
• Depression followed by times of high energy, see the topic Bipolar Disorder.
• Depression and suicide, see Depression and Suicide.

What is depression?

Depression is an illness that causes you to feel sad, to lose interest in activities that you've always enjoyed, to withdraw from others, and to have little energy. It's different from normal feelings of sadness, grief, or low energy. Depression can also cause people to feel hopeless about the future and even to think about suicide.

Many people, and sometimes their families, feel embarrassed or ashamed about having depression. Don't let these feelings stand in the way of getting treatment. Remember that depression is a common illness. Depression affects the young and old, men and women, all ethnic groups, and all professions.

If you think you may be depressed, tell your doctor. Treatment can help you enjoy life again. The sooner you get treatment, the sooner you will feel better.

What causes depression?

Depression is a disease. It's not caused by personal weakness and is not a character flaw. When you have depression, chemicals in your brain called neurotransmitters are out of balance.

Most experts believe a combination of family history (your genes) and stressful life events may cause depression. Life events can include:

• Childbirth, a death in the family, work, or relationships.
• Finding out you have a long-term health problem, such as arthritis, heart disease, or cancer.
• Health problems, such as anemia and an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). Treating the health problem can usually cure the depression.

Just because you have a family member with depression or have stressful life events doesn't mean you'll get depression.

You also may get depressed even if there is no reason you can think of.

What are the symptoms?

The symptoms of depression may be hard to notice at first. They vary among people, and you may confuse them with just feeling "off" or with another health problem.

The two most common symptoms of depression are:

• Feeling sad or hopeless nearly every day for at least 2 weeks.
• Losing interest in or not getting pleasure from most daily activities nearly every day for at least 2 weeks.

A serious symptom of depression is thinking about death or suicide. If you or someone you care about talks about this or feeling hopeless, get help right away.

You also may:

• Lose or gain weight. You also may feel like eating more or less than usual almost every day.
• Sleep too much or not enough almost every day.
• Feel restless and not be able to sit still, or you may sit quietly and feel that moving takes great effort. Others can easily see this behavior.
• Feel tired or as if you have no energy almost every day.
• Feel unworthy or guilty nearly every day. You may have low self-esteem and worry that people don't like you.
• Find it hard to focus, remember things, or make decisions nearly every day. You may feel anxious about things.

If you have some of these symptoms for at least 2 weeks, talk to your doctor. Treatment may be right for you.

If you think you may have depression, take a short quiz to check your symptoms:

Interactive Tool: Are You Depressed?

How is it treated?

Depression can be treated in various ways. Counseling, psychotherapy, and/or antidepressant medicines are all used. Lifestyle changes, such as getting more exercise, also may help. Your doctor or mental health professional will help you find the best treatment.

If you have mild or moderate depression, your family doctor or a mental health professional, such as a counselor or psychologist, may treat you. If you have severe depression or if treatment is not helping, you may need to see a psychiatrist. Some people need to be treated in the hospital, especially if they have thoughts of suicide.

Work with your health care team to find the best treatment for you. It may take a few tries, and it can take several weeks for the medicine to start working. Try to be patient and keep following your treatment plan.

Depression can return (relapse). How likely you are to get depression again increases each time you have a bout of depression. Taking your medicines and continuing some types of therapy after you feel better can help keep that from happening. Some people need to take medicine for the rest of their lives. This does not stop them from living full and happy lives.

Let your doctor know if you think you are depressed. Depression is easy to overlook. The earlier you are treated, the more quickly you will get better.

What can you do if a loved one has depression?

If someone you care for is depressed, the best thing you can do is help the person get or stay in treatment. Learn about the disease. Talk to the person and gently encourage him or her to do things and see people. Don't get upset with the person. The behavior you see is the disease, not the person.

Is suicide a concern?

Many people who have depression have thoughts of death or thoughts of suicide, and depression can lead to suicide. Warning signs of suicide include talking a lot about death, giving things away, or using a lot of alcohol or drugs or both. If you see these signs in yourself or a loved one, get help.

Call or the national suicide hotline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) or other emergency services if you (or someone you care about):

• Plan to harm yourself or others.
• Talk, write, read, or draw about death, including writing suicide notes and talking about items that can harm you, such as pills, guns, or knives.
• Buy guns or bullets, stockpile medicines, or take other action to prepare for a suicide attempt. You may have a new interest in guns or other weapons.
• Hear or see things that aren't real.
• Think or speak in a bizarre way that is not like your usual behavior.

If a suicide threat seems real, call , a suicide hotline, or the police. Stay with the person, or ask someone you trust to stay with the person, until the crisis has passed. Don't argue or challenge the person. Tell the person you don't want him or her to die.

Frequently Asked Questions