1. Understanding Depression Slideshow
2. Take the Depression Quiz
3. Benefits of Depression Treatment

Medical Author:

Roxanne Dryden-Edwards, MD

Roxanne Dryden-Edwards, MD

Dr. Roxanne Dryden-Edwards is an adult, child, and adolescent psychiatrist. She is a former Chair of the Committee on Developmental Disabilities for the American Psychiatric Association, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, and Medical Director of the National Center for Children and Families in Bethesda, Maryland.

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Medical Editor:

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.

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adjustment disorder, antidepressants, behavioral therapy, bipolar disorder, manic depression, the blues, clinical depression, clinically depressed, postpartum depression, cognitive therapy, depressive disorder, dysthymia, electroconvulsive therapy, ECT, major depression, mood disorder, mood swings, neurotransmitter, psychotherapy, seasonal affective disorder, SAD, seasonal depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRI, tricyclic antidepressant, TCA, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, MAOI, St. John's wort, suicidal thoughts, suicide, depression

Author: Roxanne Dryden-Edwards, MD

Editor: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor, eMedicineHealth.com

Previous contributing authors and editors:

Author: Sarah C Aronson, MD, Associate Professor, Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Case School of Medicine/University Hospitals of Cleveland.

Editors: Ronald C Albucher, MD, Assistant Chief, Psychiatry Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System; Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine; Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine; Alan D Schmetzer, MD, Professor and Assistant Chair for Education, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine.

REFERENCES:

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). "Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Depressive Disorders." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 46.11 (2007): 1503-1526.

American Psychiatric Association. "Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, Third Edition." American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines. Nov. 2010.

"Anticonvulsants and Suicide Risk." Psychiatric Times. May 14, 2010. <http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/bipolar-disorder/content/article/10168/1569360>.

Barbee, J.G., E.J. Conrad, and N.J. Jamhour. "Aripiprazole Augmentation in Treatment-Resistant Depression." Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 2004; 16(4): 189-194.

Bauer, M., and S. Dopfmer. "Lithium Augmentation in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Meta-analysis of Placebo-Controlled Studies." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 19.5 (1999): 427-434.

Jaycox, L.H., B.D. Stein, S. Paddock, et al. "Impact of Teen Depression on Academic, Social and Physical Functioning." Pediatrics 124.4 Oct. 2009: e596-605.

Keller, M.B., et al. "A Comparison of Nefazodone, the Cognitive Behavioral-Analysis System of Psychotherapy and Their Combination for the Treatment of Chronic Depression." New England Journal of Medicine 342.20 (2000): 1462-1470.

Kornstein, S.G., et al. "Gender Differences in Treatment Response to Sertraline Versus Imipramine in Chronic Depression." American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000): 1445-1452.

Kramer, S. "Something Happens: Elements of Therapeutic Change." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 11 (2006): 239-248.

Lynn, S.J., S. Barnes, A. Deming, and M. Accardi. "Hypnosis, Rumination and Depression: Catalyzing Attention and Mindfulness-Based Treatments." International Journal of Clinical Experimental Hypnosis 58.2 Apr. 2010: 202-221.

MacQueen, G., C. Parkin, M. Marriott, H. Begin, and G. Hasey. "The Long-Term Impact of Treatment With Electroconvulsive Therapy on Discrete Memory Systems in Patients With Bipolar Disorder." Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 32.4 (2007): 241-249.

Parker, G., Crawford, J. Chocolate craving when depressed: a personality marker. The British Journal of Psychiatry 191 (2007): 351-352.

Patten, S.B., J.V.A. Williams, D.H. Lavorato, and M. Eliasziw. "Allergies and Major Depression: A Longitudinal Community Study." Biopsychosocial Medicine 3 (2009): 3.

Purvis, D., E. Robinson, S. Merry, and P. Watson. "Acne, Anxiety, Depression and Suicide in Teenagers: A Cross-Sectional Survey of New Zealand Secondary School Students." Journal of Paediatric Children's Health 42.12 Dec. 2006: 793-796.

Rocha, F.L., and C. Hara. "Lamotrigine Augmentation in Unipolar Depression." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 18.2 (2003): 97-99.

Sackeim, H.A., et al. "Continuation Pharmacotherapy in the Prevention of Relapse Following Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of the American Medical Association 285.10 (2001): 1299-1307.

Shelton, R.C., et al. "A Novel Augmentation Strategy for Treating Resistant Major Depression." American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (2001): 131-134.

Tew, J.D., et al. "Acute Efficacy of ECT in the Treatment of Major Depression in the Old-Old." American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (1999): 1865-1870.

United States. National Institute of Mental Health. "Depression." Sept. 23, 2009. <http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/complete-index.shtml>.

Vieta, E. "Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Mood Disorders." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 16.1 (2003): 23-27.

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