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Author: Stephen Borowitz, MD, Professor of Pediatrics and Public Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Virginia School of Medicine.

Editor: Bhupinder Anand, MD

REFERENCE: Kuhn, B. et. al. Treatment Guidelines for Primary Nonretentive Encopresis and Stool Toileting Refusal. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Apr 15;59(8):2171-2178.

Previous contributing edtiors: Editors: Jorge Vargas, MD, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine; Mary L Windle, Pharm D, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine.com, Inc; Steven Altschuler, MD, President and CEO, Children's Hospital Foundation, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.

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