Lung Cancer Slideshow Pictures Effects of Secondhand Smoke Slideshow Pictures Tips to Quit Smoking Slideshow Pictures

Medical Author:

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.

View Full Profile

Medical Editor:

Jay W. Marks, MD

Jay W. Marks, MD

Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.

View Full Profile

Follow-up

Following surgery for any operable lung cancer, there is an increased risk of developing a second primary lung cancer as well as risk that the original tumor will come back.

• Many lung cancers come back within the first two years after treatment.



• Regular testing should be performed so that any recurrence can be identified as early as possible.



• A person who has undergone surgery should receive follow-up care and examinations according to recommendations from the treatment team.

Palliative and terminal care

Palliative care or hospice care refers to medical or nursing care to reduce symptoms and suffering without attempting to cure the underlying disease. Because only a small number of people with lung cancer are cured, relief from suffering becomes the primary goal for many.

• The patient, his or her family, and the doctor will probably recognize when the patient has reached the point that palliative care is necessary.



• Whenever possible, the transition to palliative care should be planned in advance.



• Planning should begin with a three-way conversation between the patient, someone representing the patient (if he or she is too ill to participate), and the health-care provider.



• During these meetings, likely outcomes, medical issues, and any fears or uncertainties can be discussed.

Palliative care may be given at home, in a hospital if home care is not possible, or in a hospice facility. Palliative care consists mainly of treatments to relieve shortness of breath and pain.

• Breathlessness will be treated with oxygen and medications such as opioids, which are narcotic drugs such as opium, morphine, codeine, methadone, and heroin.



• Pain management includes anti-inflammatory medications and opioids. The patient is encouraged to participate in determining doses of the pain medication, because how much is needed to block pain will vary from day to day.



• Other symptoms, such as anxiety, lack of sleep, and depression, are treated with appropriate medications and, in some cases, complementary therapies.

nicotine gum, nicotine sprays, nicotine inhalers, and some prescription medications have been successfully used to help people trying to quit smoking.