15 Cancer Symptoms Women Ignore Slideshow Pictures 15 Cancer Symptoms Men Ignore Slideshow Pictures Top Cancer-Fighting Foods Slideshow Pictures

Medical Author:

Jerry R. Balentine, DO, FACEP

Jerry R. Balentine, DO, FACEP

Dr. Balentine received his undergraduate degree from McDaniel College in Westminster, Maryland. He attended medical school at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine graduating in1983. He completed his internship at St. Joseph's Hospital in Philadelphia and his Emergency Medicine residency at Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center in the Bronx, where he served as chief resident.

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Medical Editor:

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.

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Other Therapy

Watchful waiting means choosing to observe and monitor the cancer rather than treat it right away. This is strategy is sometimes used for indolent recurrent tumors. Treatment is given only if the cancer starts to grow more rapidly or to cause symptoms or other problems.

Stem cell transplantation is usually not used as a primary therapy in lymphoma.

• Stem cell transplantation is usually reserved for lymphoma that has been previously treated into remission but has recurred.



• Stem cell therapy as primary therapy has been used for aggressive T-cell NHL in first remission, usually as part of a clinical trial. Stem cell therapy is also considered when standard primary treatment is unable to control the lymphoma and achieve remission.



• This procedure, which requires a lengthy hospital stay, involves very high doses of chemotherapy to kill the aggressive cancer cells.



• The chemotherapy doses are so high that the chemotherapy also stops the patient's bone marrow from producing healthy new blood cells.



• The patient then receives a transfusion of healthy bone marrow or blood stem cells, either from previously collected stem cells from the patient himself or herself (called autologous transplantation) or from a donor (called allogeneic transplantation), to "kick start" the bone marrow into producing healthy blood cells.



• This is a very intensive therapy with a lengthy recovery period.

Clinical trials

An oncologist may belong to a network of investigators who offer novel treatments for various types of cancers. These novel therapies are newer agents that have been recently developed, and extensive data on treatment results are not yet known. Such new agents can be offered in the context of a clinical trial. Usually, a consent form that explains the drug, its known side effects, its potential side effects, and alternatives to the drug treatment are presented to the patient. If the treatment seems promising for the particular subtype of lymphoma, and the patient is fully educated about the potential benefits and risks associated with such treatment and is interested in receiving such treatment, then the consent form is signed by the patient and the managing physician, and possibly other involved parties. The patient is then enrolled in a treatment protocol that specifies exactly how a patient is to be treated with the new therapy.

Alternatively, an oncologist may refer a patient to another institution to receive investigational treatment or intensive treatment, such as a stem cell transplant.

Complementary/alternative therapies

Several alternative therapies have undergone preliminary testing in lymphoma. None has been found to work better than or as well as standard medical therapies. A few therapies, still felt to be experimental, have been found to be potentially helpful as complements to medical therapy, however.

• Acupuncture has been helpful in relieving musculoskeletal symptoms, as well as in controlling nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy.



• The supplements coenzyme Q10 and polysaccharide K (PSK) are undergoing further evaluation to determine their effects on treatment outcome. Both drugs have immune enhancing properties. PSK has been used more extensively in Japan as part of an anticancer therapy.



• Neither of these therapies has undergone extensive blinded studies and cannot be considered a part of any planned therapeutic endeavor.