1. Take the PTSD Quiz!
2. Stress-Reducing Foods Slideshow
3. Take the Panic Attacks Quiz!

Medical Author:

Maria Pease, MD

Medical Editor:

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.

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Author: Maria Pease, MD

Editor: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor, eMedicineHealth.com

Author: Stephen R Paige, PhD, Visiting Professor of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha.

Editors: Ronald C Albucher, MD, Assistant Chief, Psychiatry Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System; Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine; Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine; Alan D Schmetzer, MD, Professor and Assistant Chair for Education, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine.

REFERENCES:

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Bryant, R.A., et al. "A Study of the Protective Function of Acute Morphine Administration on Subsequent Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Biological Psychiatry 65.5 Mar. 1, 2009: 438-440.

Campbell, K. "One Year Later: Post-Traumatic Stress Takes Toll on Children." Facts of Life: Issue Briefings for Health Reporters 7.9 Sept. 2002.

Cohen, Beth E., Charles R. Marmar, et al. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: Findings From the Heart and Soul Study." Arch Gen Psychiatry 66.11 (2009): 1214-1220.

Delahanty, Douglas L., and Nicole R. Nugent. "Predicting PTSD Prospectively Based on Prior Trauma History and Immediate Biological Responses." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1071 July 2006: 27–40. doi: 10.1196/annals.1364.003

Holbrook, T.L., M.R. Galarneau, et al. "Morphine Use After Combat Injury in Iraq and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." N Engl J Med 362.2 Jan. 14, 2010: 110-117.

Keane, T.M., Barlow, D.H. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In: Barlow DH. Anxiety and its disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2001.

Langeland, W., and M. Oliff. "Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Pediatric Injury Patients: A Review of the Literature." Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 32.1 (2008): 161-174.

Schlenger, W.E., Caddell, J.M., Ebert, L., et al. Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: findings from the National Studyof Americans' Reactions to September 11. JAMA. Aug 7 2002;288(5):581-8. .

Schuster, M.A., Stein, B.D., Jaycox, L., et al. A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. N Engl J Med. Nov 15 2001;345(20):1507-12.

Yehuda, R., Bierer, L.M. "Transgenerational Transmission of Cortisol and PTSD Risk." Prog Brain Res 167 (2008): 121-135.

Yehuda, R., Halligan, S., Grossman, R. Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: Relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD and cortisol excretion. Stress Dev. 2001;13:731-751.

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