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Medical Author:

Shabir Bhimji, MD

Medical Editor:

William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR

William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR

Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology.

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Author: Shabir Bhimji, MD, Consulting Surgeon, Cardiac Surgical Associates of West Texas.

Editor: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR

Previous contributing coauthors and editors:

Coauthor(s): Tammy Shields, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center; Christopher Colwell, MD, Medical Director of Denver Paramedic Division, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center.

Editors: Alan D Forker, MD, Program Director of Cardiovascular Fellowship, Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Medicine; Mary L Windle, Pharm D, Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine.com, Inc; Michael E Zevitz, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago.

REFERENCES:

Bakst, R., J.F. Merola, A.G. Franks Jr., and M. Sanchez. "Raynaud's phenomenon: pathogenesis and management." J Am Acad Dermatol. 59.4 Oct. 2008: 633-653.

Gayraud, M. "Raynaud's phenomenon." Joint Bone Spine. 74.1 Jan. 2007: e1-8.

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