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Schizophrenia Symptoms

Usually with schizophrenia, the person's inner world and behavior change notably. Behavior changes might include the following:

• Social withdrawal
  
  
• Depersonalization (intense anxiety and a feeling of being unreal)
  
  
• Loss of appetite
  
  
• Loss of hygiene
  
  
• Delusions
  
  
• Hallucinations (eg,hearing things not actually present)
  
  
• The sense of being controlled by outside forces

A person with schizophrenia may not have any outward appearance of being ill. In other cases, the illness may be more apparent, causing bizarre behaviors. For example,a person with schizophrenia maywear aluminum foilin the belief that it willstop one's thoughts from being broadcasted and protect against malicious waves entering the brain.

People with schizophreniavary widely in their behavior as they struggle with an illness beyond their control. In active stages, those affected may ramble in illogical sentences or react with uncontrolled anger or violence to a perceived threat. People with schizophrenia may also experiencerelatively passive phases of the illnessin which they seem to lack personality, movement,and emotion (also called a flat affect). People with schizophrenia may alternate in these extremes. Their behavior may or may not be predictable.

In order to better understand schizophrenia, the concept of clusters of symptoms is often used. Thus, people with schizophrenia can experience symptoms thatmay be grouped under the following categories:

• Positive symptoms- Hearing voices, suspiciousness, feeling under constant surveillance, delusions, ormaking up words without a meaning (neologisms).
  
  
• Negative (or deficit) symptoms - Social withdrawal, difficulty in expressing emotions (in extreme cases called blunted affect), difficulty in taking care of themselves, inability to feel pleasure (These symptoms cause severe impairment and are often mistaken for laziness.)
  
  
• Cognitive symptoms - Difficulties attending to and processing ofinformation, in understanding the environment, and in remembering simple tasks
  
  
• Affective (or mood) symptoms - Most notably depression, accounting for a very high rate of attempted suicide inpeople suffering from schizophrenia

Helpful definitions in understanding schizophrenia include the following:

• Psychosis:Psychosis is defined asbeing out of touch with reality. During this phase, one can experiencedelusions or prominent hallucinations. People with psychoses are not aware that what they are experiencing or some of the things that they believeare not real. Psychosis is a prominent feature ofschizophrenia but is not unique to this illness.
  
  
• Schizoid: This term is often used to describe a personality disorder characterized by almost complete lack of interest in social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, making a person with this disorder appear cold and aloof.
  
  
• Schizotypal: This term defines a more severe personality disorder characterized by acute discomfort with close relationships as well as disturbances of perception and bizarre behaviors, makingpeople with schizophreniaseem odd and eccentric because of unusual mannerisms.
  
  
• Hallucinations: A person with schizophrenia may have strong sensations of objects or events that are real only to him or her. These may be in the form of things that they believe strongly that they see, hear, smell, taste, or touch. Hallucinations have no outside source, and are sometimes described as "the person's mind playing tricks" on him or her.
  
  
• Illusion: An illusion is a mistaken perception for which there is an actual external stimulus. For example, a visual illusion might be seeing a shadow and misinterpreting it as a person. The words "illusion" and "hallucination" are sometimes confused with each other.
  
  
• Delusion: A person with a delusion has a strong belief about something despite evidence that the belief is false. For instance, a person maylisten to a radio and believe the radio is giving a coded message about an impending extraterrestrial invasion.All of theother peoplewho listento the same radio program would hear, for example,a feature story about road repair work taking place in the area.

Types of schizophrenia are as follows:

• Paranoid-type schizophreniais characterized bydelusions andauditory hallucinations but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of affect. The delusions can often be about being persecuted unfairly or being some other person who is famous. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and argumentativeness.
  
  
• Disorganized-type schizophreniais characterized by speech and behavior that aredisorganized or difficult to understand, andflattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh at the changing color of a traffic light orat something not closely related to what they are saying or doing. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing,and preparing meals.
  
  
• Catatonic-type schizophreniais characterized by disturbances of movement.People with catatonic-type schizophreniamay keep themselves completely immobile or move all over the place. They may not say anything for hours, or theymay repeat anything you say or do senselessly. Either way,the behavior is putting these people at high risk because it impairs their ability to take care of themselves.
  
  
• Undifferentiated-type schizophreniais characterized by some symptoms seen in allof the abovetypes but not enough ofany one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
  
  
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.