What Are the Risks of Heartburn/GERD?

Heartburn is the most common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Voice changes may occur, particularly upon wakening. Hoarseness is typical and results from stomach acid irritating the vocal cords. The following GERD-associated complications are serious and require immediate medical attention:

• Esophageal stricture: This is a narrowing of the esophagus that makes it hard to swallow foods or liquids.
  
  
• Erosive esophagitis: This results in ulcer formation in your esophagus.
  
  
• Vomiting blood or blood in your stools: In the presence of blood, your stools may look dark or tarry.
  
  
• Barrett esophagus (BE) and ulcers: These are caused by prolonged exposure of the esophagus to stomach acid. BE sometimes precedes cancer of the esophagus, so your doctor will want to assess the state of your BE from time to time.
  
  
• Esophageal cancer (adenocarcinoma): This has become more common in the past 20 years and is linked with GERD and BE.