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Urinary Tract Infections

Cranberry Juice Does Help Prevent Urinary Infections in Women

Medical Author: Frederick Hecht, MD, FAAP
Medical Editor: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR

Learn how to prevent urinary tract infections by drinking cranberry juice.Regular drinking of cranberry juice seems to reduce the recurrence of urinary tract infections in women. This is the conclusion of a study published in the British Medical Journal (June 29, 2001).

One hundred and fifty women with a urinary tract infection were randomly allocated into three groups. The first group received 50 ml (a little over 3 tablespoons) of cranberry-lingonberry juice concentrate daily for six months. The second group got 100 ml (just under 7 tablespoons) of lactobacillus drink five days a week for one year, and the third group received nothing and served as the control group.

At six months, episodes of urinary tract infection were reduced by about half in the cranberry group, whereas the lactobacillus drink was ineffective. Only eight (16%) women in the cranberry group had at least one recurrence, compared with 19 (39%) in the lactobacillus group and 18(36%) in the control group.

Learn more about prevention of UTIs »

Urinary Tract Infections Overview

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection involving the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. These are the structures that urine passes through before being eliminated from the body.

  • The kidneys are a pair of small organs that lie on either side of the spine at about waist level. They have several important functions in the body, including removing wastes and excess water from the blood and eliminating them as urine. These functions make them important in the regulation of blood pressure. Kidneys are also very sensitive to changes in blood sugar levels and blood pressure. Both diabetes and hypertension can cause damage to these organs.


  • Two ureters, narrow tubes about 10 inches long, drain urine from each kidney into the bladder.


  • The bladder is a small saclike organ that collects and stores urine. When the urine reaches a certain level in the bladder, you experience the sensation that you have to void, then the muscle lining the bladder can be voluntarily contracted to expel the urine.


  • The urethra is a small tube connecting the bladder with the outside of the body. A muscle called the urinary sphincter, located at the junction of the bladder and the urethra, must relax at the same time the bladder contracts to expel urine.

Any part of this system can become infected. As a rule, the farther up in the urinary tract the infection is located, the more serious it is.

  • The upper urinary tract is composed of the kidneys and ureters. Infection in the upper urinary tract generally affects the kidneys (pyelonephritis), which can cause fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and other severe symptoms.


  • The lower urinary tract consists of the bladder and the urethra. Infection in the lower urinary tract can affect the urethra (urethritis) or the bladder (cystitis).

Urinary tract infections are usually referred to as simple or complicated.

  • Simple infections occur in healthy urinary tracts and do not spread to other parts of the body. They usually go away readily with treatment.


  • Complicated infections are caused by anatomic abnormalities, spread to other parts of the body, are worsened by underlying medical conditions, or are resistant to many antibiotics. They are more difficult to cure.

In the United States, urinary tract infections account for more than 7 million visits to medical offices and hospitals each year.

  • Urinary tract infections are much more common in adults than in children, but about 1%-2% of children do get urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infections in children are more likely to be serious than those in adults and should not be ignored.


  • Urinary tract infection is the most common urinary tract problem in children besides bedwetting.


  • Urinary tract infection is second only to respiratory infection as the most common type of infection.


  • These infections are much more common in girls and women than in boys and men younger than 50 years of age. The reason for this is not well understood, but anatomic differences between the genders (a shorter urethra in women) might be partially responsible.


  • About 40% of women and 12% of men have a urinary tract infection at some time in their life.


Next: Urinary Tract Infection Causes »

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Urinary Tract Infections

Miscarriage »

Miscarriage Overview

A miscarriage (also termed spontaneous abortion) is any pregnancy that spontaneously ends before the fetus can survive. Any vaginal bleeding, other than spotting, during early pregnancy is considered a threatened miscarriage. Vaginal bleeding is very common in early pregnancy. About one out of every four pregnant women has some bleeding during the first few months. About half of these women stop bleeding and complete a normal pregnancy.

  • Threatened miscarriage - Vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy. The bleeding and pain with threatened miscarriage are usually mild and the cervical os (the mouth of the womb) is closed. Your health care provider will be able to determine if the cervical os is open upon performing a pelvic exam. Typically, no tissue is passed from the womb. The womb and Fallopian tubes may be tender.

  • Inevitable miscarriage ...

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