Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Cirrhosis (PBC): Primary Biliary Cirrhosis is a chronic disease characterized by progressive inflammation and destruction of small bile ducts within the liver. The bile ducts transport bile from the liver to the intestine for the absorption of fat and elimination of waste products. The causes of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis may involve autoimmunity, infection, or genetic predisposition, acting alone or in combination. There are many medications and treatment options available for those with this and other associated diseases of primary biliary cirrhosis.
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Adult Primary Liver Cancer
Adult primary liver cancer is cancer that forms in the liver. Signs and symptoms of adult primary liver cancer include pain or a lump on the right side. Treatment may include radiation therapy, targeted therapy, ablation therapy, embolization therapy, surgery, and liver transplantation. -
Childhood Liver Cancer
Hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma are the two main types of childhood liver cancer. Signs and symptoms include vomiting, nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal swelling, and an abdominal lump that may be painful. Treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, watchful waiting, ablation therapy, and antiviral treatment. -
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is a scarring of the liver over a long period, causing the liver to lose its function, which is primarily to filter toxins, aid digestion. Cirrhosis can be caused by a number of factors, often a hepatitis infection or chronic alcohol abuse. Some medications are prescribed to releive symptoms. Liver transplantation is the only curative treatment for advanced cirrhosis. -
Diarrhea
Diarrhea can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, parasites, intestinal diseases or conditions, reactions to medications, and food intolerance or allergies. Symptoms of diarrhea include watery stools, abdominal cramping, fever, and dehydration. Most cases of diarrhea can be treated at home. In some cases (in the elderly, small children, or those with severe or chronic medical conditions) may need to be hospitalized due to dehydration. -
Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly)
Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) is generally caused by another condition such as cancers, bacterial or viral infections, immune disorders, and blood disorders. The most common symptom of an enlarged spleen is abdominal pain and bloating. Treatment for an enarged spleen is targeted toward the cause. -
Fatigue
Fatigue is a common health complaint by individuals. Fatigue is also referred to as feeling weary, tired, exhausted, lethargic, and a lack of energy. There are several causes of fatigue from sleep disturbances to some diseases or conditions. Treatment of fatigue is generally directed toward the condition or disease causing fatigue. -
Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver disease (NASH, NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic related steatohepatitis) is a disease where by there is an increased accumulation of fat in the liver. This fat accumulation can lead to cirrhosis and possibly liver cancer. Fatty liver disease is caused by a diet high in fat and calories, association with other diseases and conditions, and certain medications. Treatment for fatty liver disease depends on the cause of fat accumulation in the liver. -
Hypercalcemia (Elevated Calcium Levels)
Hypercalcemia (elevated calcium levels) is a condition that can have no symptoms, or severe symptoms if the calcium levels are severely elevated. Conditions associated with hypercalcemia include: cancers, excessive levels of vitamin D, inherited conditions, kidney failure, hyperthyroidism, and certain medications. Treatment of hypercalcemia depends on the cause associated with the condition. -
Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is caused by overmedication, use of certain medications, use of alcohol, missed meals, kidney or liver infection, and more. Common symptoms of hypoglycemia include: trembling, clammy skin, palpitations, anxiety, sweating, hunger, and irritability. Treatment of hypoglycemia in a person with diabetes is glucose (sugar). If the cause is another disease or condition, treatment will depend on the cause of the hypoglycemia. -
Is Liver Cancer in a Child Curable
Liver cancer in children and adolescents is rare, but it responds to treatment. Chemotherapy, surgery and other treatments may send the cancer into remission (no evidence of cancer cells in tests), but doctors hesitate to say any cancer is “cured.” -
Jaundice
Jaundice is a yellow staining of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by abnormally high blood levels of the bile pigment bilirubin. Examples of the causes of jaundice include; malaria, sickle cell disease, drugs, toxins, newborn jaundice, gallstones, pancreatitis, and autoimmune disorders. Some of the common symptoms of jaundice include yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes, light colored stools, dark urine, and itching of the skin. Treatment for jaundice depends on the cause. -
Liver Biopsy
Liver biopsy involves the removal of a small piece of tissue from the liver. Reasons for liver biopsy is to diagnose disease, monitor disease, and monitor the effectiveness of therapy. Risk of liver biopsy include hematoma, bleeding, striking another organ, and tumor tracking. Types of liver biopsy include percutaneous, transjugular, and intraoperative liver biopsy. -
Liver Blood Tests
Liver blood tests are used to check the levels and function of liver enzymes in the blood called AST and ALT or aminotransferases in the blood. Symptoms of elevated or high liver enzymes in the blood include fever, abdominal pain, poor appetite, itching, and nausea. Normal levels of liver enzymes in blood are caused by liver diseases caused by drugs, for example, acetaminophen (Tylenol), pain medications, and statins. Less common causes of abnormal levels of ALT or AST levels in the blood are alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases (NASH), hepatitis, and alcoholism. Normal levels of ALT ranges from about 7-56 units/liter, and 10-40 units/liters for AST. Elevated (high) and low liver enzymes elevated levels of AST and ALT may signify the level of liver damage the person has. A blood sample is sent to the laboratory for measurement. Usually, you doctor will have the results interpreted within a few hours to days. Liver blood tests are used to check normal, elevated (high), and low blood levels of liver enzymes (AST and ALT or aminotransferases). Symptoms of elevated levels of liver enzymes are fever, abdominal pain, poor appetite, and nausea. Drugs, for example, acetaminophen (Tylenol), pain drugs, and statins caused high levels of liver enzymes. Less common causes are NASH, hepatitis, and alcoholism. -
Liver Cancer
Liver cancer is hard to diagnose as symptoms and signs are vague and nonspecific. Symptoms and signs may include weakness, fatigue, weight loss, or appetite loss. Treatment may incorporate surgery, liver transplantation, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. -
Liver Transplant
Liver disease is a serious problem; the liver is one of the most-frequently transplanted organ in the United States.
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Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Cirrhosis (PBC) Topic Guide - Visuals
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